Enhancement of the immunity and body weight gain in broiler by feeding with the brewer’s yeast β-glucan degraded by gamma Co-60 radiation
Main Article Content
Abstract
The insoluble β-glucan extracted from the cell wall of brewer’s yeast was dispersed in deionized water for swelling, then irradiated in order to degrade into water-soluble β-glucan. The results revealed that the water-soluble β-glucan contents in the irradiated samples were increased with radiation dose to 25.89, 49.07 and 66.71%; whereas their molecular weight (Mw) decreased to 48.1, 23.0 and 10.8 kDa by gamma irradiation at 100, 200 and 300 kGy, respectively. The supplementation of poultry feed with the radiation degraded β-glucan enhanced both non-specific (total white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrocytes) and specific immune components (anti-Newcastle disease, anti-Gumboro disease virus and anti-infectious bronchitis virus antibodies) in the broilers. In comparison with the control, broiler fed normal poultry foodstuff without β-glucan, the supplementation of radiation degraded β-glucan not only increased the survival rate of the testing broiler about 33.3% and their average body weight of about 24.4%, but also reduced the feed conversion rate from 4.8 to 3.1 kg. The β-glucan oligosaccharides that having Mw of about 25 kDa produced by gamma irradiation at 200 kGy showed the highest effect on the growth performance and immunomodulatory capability in the immune system of the testing broilers. This product is promising to be applied for production of the safe stimulator of immunity for broiler chickens.
Article Details
Keywords
gamma irradiation, brewer’s yeast β-glucan, broilers, immunity
References
[2] V. Zechner-krpan, V. petravić-tominac, I. Panjkota-krbavčić, S. Grba, K. Berković, “Potential application of yeast β-Glucans in food industry”, Agric. Consp. Sci., 74, 277-282, 2009.
[3] T. Suzuki, H. Tanaka, A. Kinoshita, S. Oikawa, M. Osawa, T. Yadomae, “Effect of orally administered beta-glucan in macrophage function in mice”, Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 12, 675–684, 1990.
[4] B. Robertsen, Rorstad, R. Engstad, J. Raa, “Enhancement of non-specific disease resistance in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., by a glucan from Saccharomyces verevisiae cell walls”, J. Fish Dis., 13, 391-400, 1990.
[5] S. S. Dritz, J. Shi, T. L. Kielian, R. D. Goodband, J. L. Nelsen, M. D. Tokach, M. M. Chengappa, J. E. Smith, F. Blecha, “Influence of dietary β-glucan on growth performance, nonspecific immunity and resistance to Streptococcus suis infection in weanling pigs”, J. Anim. Sci., 73, 3341-3350, 1995.
[6] C. R. Stokes, B. G. Miller, M. Bailey, A. D. Wilson, F. J. Bourne, “The immune response to dietary antigens and its influence on disease susceptibility in farm animals”, Vet. Immun. Immunopathol., 17, 413-423, 1987.
[7] B. J.Chae, J. D. Lohakare, W. K. Moon, S. L. Lee, Y. H. Park, T. W. Hahn, “Effects of supplementation of β-glucan on the growth performance and immunity in broilers”, Res. Vet. Sci., 80, 291-298, 2006.
[8] M. Suphantharika, P. Khunrae, P. Thanardkit, C. Verduyn, “Preparation of spent brewe’s yeast β-glucans with a potential application as an immunostimulant for black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon”, Bioresour. Technol., 88, 55-60, 2003.
[9] N. Shibuya and E. Minami, “Oligosaccharide signaling for defence responses in plant”, Physiol. Molecul. Plant Pathol., 59, 223-233, 2001.
[10] L. Q. Luan, N. H. Uyen, “Radiation degradation of (1→3)-β-D-glucan from yeast with a potential application as a plant growth promoter”, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 69, 165–170, 2014.
[11] M. Hasegawa, A. Isogai, F. Onabe, “Preparation of low molecular weight chitosan using phosphoric acid”, Carbohydr. Polym. 20, 279-283, 1993.
[12] J. A. Bohn and J. N. BeMiller, “(1-3)-β-D-glucans-D-glucans as biological response modifiers: a review of structure–functional activity relationships”, Carbohydr. Polym., 28, 3-14, 1995.
[13] A. V. Ilyina, V. E. Tikhonov, A. I. Albulov, V. P. Varlamov, “ Enzymic preparation of acid-free-water-soluble chitosan”, Process Biochem., 35, 563-568, 2000.
[14] T. Shimokawa, S. Yoshida, T. Takeuchi, K. Murata, T. Ishii, I. Kusakabe, “Preparation of two series of oligoguluronic acids from sodium alginate by acid hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation”, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 60, 1532-1534, 1996.
[15] A. Charlesby, “Crosslinking and degradation of polymers”, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 18, 59-66, 1981.
[16] M. Cho, B. Y. Kim, J. H. Rhim, “Degradation of alginate solution and powder by gamma irradiation”, Food. Eng. Prog., 7, 141-145, 2003.
[17] A. S. Sokhey and M. A. Hanna, “Properties of irradiated starches”, Food Struct., 12, 397-410, 1993.
[18] J.Sandula, G. Kogan, M. Kacurakova, E. Machova, “Microbial (1-3)-β-D-glucans, their preparation, physico-chemical characterization and immunomodulatory activity”, Carbohydr. Polym., 3, 247-253, 1999.
[19] H. J. Shin and D. C. Lee, “Study on the process to decrease the molecular weight of beta-(1,6)-branched beta-(1,3)-D-glucans”, Kor. J. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 18, 352-355, 2003.
[20] M. F.Moradali, H. Mostafavi, S. Ghods, G. A. Hedjaroude, “Immunomodulation and anticancer agents in the realm of macromycetes fungi (macrofungi)”, Int. Immunopharmacol., 7, 701-724, 2007.
[21] J. P.Roubroeks, R. Andersson, D. I. Mastromauro, B. E. Christensen, P. Åman, “Molecular weight, structure and shape of oat (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan fractions obtained by enzymatic degradation with (1→4)-β-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase from Trichoderma reesei”, Carbohydr. Polym., 46, 275-285, 2001.
[22] D. L. Williams, R. B. McNamee, E. L. Jones, H. A. Pretus, H. E. Ensley, I. W. Browder, N. R. Di Luzio, “A method for the solubilization of a (13)-β-D-glucan isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae”, Carbohydr. Res., 219, 203-213, 1991.
[23] E. H. Byun, J. H. Kim, N. Y. Sung, J. I. Choi, S. T. Lim, K. H. Kim, H. S. Yook, M. W. Byun, J. W. Lee, “Effects of gamma irradiation on the physical and structural properties of β-glucan”, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 77, 781-786, 2008.
[24] P. Methacanon, U. Weerawatsophon, P. Tanjak, P. Rachtawee, W. Prathumpai, “Interleukin-8 stimulating activity of low molecular weight β-glucan depolymerized by γ-irradiation”, Carbohydr. Polym., 86, 574-580, 2011.