The nuclear channel effect in the isomeric ratio of the reaction products
Main Article Content
Abstract
This work presents the experimental study of the isomeric ratio of 115mCd to 115gCd produced in 116Cd(γ, n)115m,gCd photonuclear reaction and 116Cd(n, γ)115m,gCd neutron capture reaction by thermal, epithermal and mixed thermal and epithermal neutrons. The investigated samples were natural cadmium irradiated at the bremsstrahlung photon flux, in the neutron source constructed at the electron accelerator Microtron MT-25 of the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reaction, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia. The results were analyzed, discussed, compared and combined with those of other authors in the existing literature to examine the role of the nuclear channel effect in the isomeric ratio and provide the nuclear data for theoretical model interpretation of nuclear reactions and applied research.
Article Details
Keywords
Photonuclear reaction, neutron capture reaction, isomeric ratio, nuclear channel effect, nuclear reaction mechanism
References
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[2]. H. Naik, G.N. Kim, K. Kim, M. Zaman, M. Sahid, S.-C. Yang, M.W. Lee, Y.R. Kang, S.G. Shin, M.-H. Cho, A. Goswami, T.Y. Song, “Isomeric yield ratios of 87m,gY from different nuclear reactions”, Eur. Phys. J. A 50, 117-130, 2014.
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[6]. S. Sudar and S. M. Qaim, “Cross sections for the formation of 195Hgm,g, 197Hgm,g, and 196Aum,g in α and 3He-particle induced reactions on Pt: Effect of level density parameters on the calculated isomeric cross-section ratio”, Phys Rev C 73, 034613, 2006.
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[8]. D. De Frenne, B. Proot, H. Thierens, P. De Gelder, E. Jacob, A. De Clercq, “Independent isomeric yield ratios and primary angular momenta in the photofission of 235,238U with 12 - 30 bremsstrahlung”, Phys Rev C 29(5), 1777 – 1783, 1984.
[9]. H. Naik, S. P. Dange, R. J. Singh, “Angular momentum of fission fragments in low energy fission of actinides”, Phys Rev C 71, 014304, 2005.
[10]. T. D. Thiep, T. T. An, P. V. Cuong, N. T. Vinh, G. V. Minshinski, V. I. Zemenhik, B. N. Markov, “Study of the isomeric ratio of fission product 135Xe produced in the photo-fission of 232Th and 233U induced by end-point bremsstrahlung energy of 13.5 MeV”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 303(1), 99-106, 2015.
[11]. A. A. Kulko, N. A. Demekhina, R. Kalpakchieva, N. N. Kolesnikov V. G., Lukashik, Yu. E Penionzhkevich, D. N. Rassadov, N. K. Skobelev, “Isomeric ratios for 196,198Tl and 196,198Au from fusion and transfer in the interaction of 6He with 197Au”, Phys G Nucl. Part. Phys. 34(11), 2297-2303, 2007.
[12]. N. K. Skobelev, Yu. E. Penionzhkevich, A. A. Kulko, A. Demekhin, B. Kroga, A. Krugler, S. M. Lukianov, Ja. Mrazek, Yu. G Sobolev, V. A. Maslov,Yu. A. Muzyuchka, E. I. Voiskoboinhik, A. C. Fomichev, “Study on Fusion Channels and Nucleon Transfer in 197Au + 6He in Energy Region up to 20 MeV/A”, Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett. 10(3), 397- 409, 2013.
[13]. N. Tsoneva, Ch. Stoyanov, Yu. P. Gangrsky, Yu. P. Ponomarev, N. P. Balabanov, and A. P. Tonchev, “Population of isomers in the decay of the giant dipole resonance” Phys. Rev. C 61: 044303, 2000.
[14]. T. D. Thiep, T. T. An, P. V. Cuong and N. T. Vinh, “The isomeric ratios in photonuclear reactions of natural barium induced by bremsstrahlungs with endpoint energies in the giant dipole resonance region”, J. Radioanal Nucl Chem 292, 89 – 96, 2012.
[15]. T. D. Thiep, T. T. An, P. V. Cuong and N. T. Vinh, “Study of the Isomeric Ratios in Photonuclear reactions of natural selenium induced by bremsstrahlungs with endpoint energies in the giant dipole resonance region”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 292(3), 1035- 1042, 2012.
[16]. Thiep TD, Do NV, An TT and Son NN (2003) Nuclear reactions with 14 MeV neutrons and bremsstrahlungs in giant dipole resonance (GDR) region using small accelerators. Nucl Phys A 722: 568 - 572.
[17]. F. Cserpak, S. Sudar, J. Csikai and S. M. Qaim, “Excitation functions and isomeric ratios of the 63Cu(n, α) 60m,gCo, 65Cu(n, α) 60m,gCo and 60Ni(n, p) 60m,gCo processes from 6 to 15 MeV”, Phys Rev C 49(3): 1525-1533, 1994.
[18]. S. M. Qaim, S. Sudar, A. Fessler, “Influence of reaction channel on the isomeric cross-section ratio”, Radiochem. Acta 93: 503 – 506, 2005.
[19]. C. D. Nesaraja, S. Sudar, S. M. Qaim, “Cross sections for the formation of 69m,gZn
[20]. and 71m,gZn in neutron induced reactions near their thresholds: Effect of reaction channels
[21]. on the isomeric cross-section ratio”, Phys. Rev. C 68: 024063, 2003.
[22]. A. P. Tonchev, Yu. P. Gangrsky, A. G. Belov, and V. E. Zhuchko, “Deformation on
[23]. isomeric excitation of Eu isotopes in (γ, n) and (n, γ) reactions”, Phys. Rev. 58(5), 2851-2857, 1998.
[24]. M. Huber, P. von Neumann-Cosel, A. Richter, C. Schlegel, R. Schulz, J. J. Carroll, K. N. Taylor, D. G. Richmond, T. W. Sinor, C. B. Collins, V. Yu. Ponomarev, “Structure
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[26]. J. J. Carroll, C. B. Collins, K. Heyde, M. Huber, P. von Neumann-Cosel, V. Yu. Ponomarev, D. G. Richmond, A. Richter, C. Schlegel, T. W. Sinor, K. N. Taylor, (1993)
[27]. “Intermediate structure in the photoexcitation of 60mSe, 79mBr and 137mBa”. Phys. Rev. C
[28]. 48(5), 2238 – 2245, 1993.
[29]. D. Kolev, “Studies of some isomeric yield ratios produced with bremsstrahlung”, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49(8), 989–995, 1998.
[30]. A. G. Belov, P. B. Bondarenko, Yu. G. Teteriev, Preprint of JINR, D15-93-80, 1993, Dubna, Russia.
[31]. N. Sodnom, D. Baatarkhuu, A. G. Belov, Sh. Gerbish, V. E. Zuchko, Kh. Sirazhet, B. Cergelen, Yu. G. Teteriev, “A project of the Laboratory of Activation Analysis Using a Microtron for Mongolia”, Preprint of the JINR Dubna, 18-89-798, 1989.
[32]. T. D. Thiep, T. T. An, P. V. Cuong, N. T. Vinh, B. M. Hue, A. G. Belov, O. D. Maslov, “Channel effect in isomeric ratio of 137m,gCe produced in different nuclear reactions”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 314, 1777–1784, 2017.
[33]. Firestone RB (1996) Table of isotopes, CD ROM Edn, Version 1.0, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
[34]. Radiation Search, http://ie.lbl.gov/toi/radSearch.asp
[35]. D. M. Montgomery, G. A. Montgomery, “A method for assessing and correcting coincidence summing effects for germanium detector efficiency calibration”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. l93(1), 71-79, 1995.
[36]. T. D. Thiep, T. T. An, P. V. Cuong, N. T. Vinh, B. M. Hue, A. G. Belov B. M. Hue, L. T. Anh, A. G. Belov, “ Isomeric yield ratio of 152m1Eu(8-) to 152m2Eu(0-) produced from 153Eu (γ, n) 152Eu reaction in the giant dipole resonance region”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 317:1263–1271, 2018.
[37]. https://www.nist.gov/pml/x-ray-mass-attenuation-coefficients (NIST: X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients - Table 3)
[38]. http://periodictable.com/Properties/A/IsotopeAbundances.html (Isotope Abundances of Elements)
[39]. R. Mbarek, A. Brahim, H. Jallouli and A. Trabelsi, “Design of a photo-neutron source based on a 10 MeV Circe III Electron Linac”, Intern. J. Adv. Eng. Tech. 6(1), 498 - 503, 2013.
[40]. B. L. Berman, “Atlas of photoneutron cross sections obtained with monoenergetic photons”, At. Dat. and Nucl. Dat. Tab., 15, 319 - 390, 1975.
[41]. L. I. Schiff, “Energy-angle distribution of thin target bremsstrahlung”, Phys. Rev. 83, 252-253, 1951.
[42]. A. V. Kyryjenko, A. P. Osipenko, A. M. Parlag, V.A. Pylypchenko, N.T. Sabolchiy, I. V. Sokolyuk, I. V. Khimich, “Investigation of the cadmium nuclei isomers state excitation in the photonuclear reactions”, Uzhgorod University Scientific Herald, Series Physics 19, 85 - 89, 2006.
[43]. A. Gicking, “Neutron capture cross sections of cadmium isotopes”, A thesis
[44]. submitted to Oregon State University, June 17, 2012.
[45]. S. F. Mughabghab, “Atlas of Neutron Resonances”, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006.
[46]. R. J. Prestwood and B. P. Bayhurst, “(n, 2n) Excitation Functions of Several Nuclei from 12.0 to 19.8 MeV”, Phys. Rev. 121(5), 1438 - 1441, 1961.
[47]. Wen-Deh Lu, N. RanaKumar and R. W. Fink, “Activation Cross Sections for (n, 2n) Reactions at 14.4 MeV in the Region Z = 40 - 60: Precision Measurements and Systematics”, Phys. Rev. C, 1(1), 350 - 357, 1970.
[48]. C. S. Khurana and H. S. Hans, “Cross-sections for (n, 2n) reactions at 14.8 MeV”, Nucl. Phys., 28, 560 - 569, 1961.
[49]. Handbook on Nuclear Activation Cross-sections: Neutron, Photon and Charged Particle Nuclear Reaction Cross-Section Data, Technical Reports Series No.156, IAEA, Vienna 1974.
[50]. J. R. Huizenga, R. Vandenbosch, “Interpretation of isomeric cross section ratios for (n, g) and (g, n) reactions”, Phys. Rev. 120,1305-1312, 1960.
[51]. J. R. Huizenga, R. Vandenbosch, “Isomeric cross section ratios for reactions producing the isomeric pair Hg197,197m”, Phys. Rev. 120,1313 -1318, 1960.
[52]. H. Bartsch, K. Huber, U. Kneissl, H. Krieger, “Critical consideration of the statistical analysis of photonuclear isomeric cross-section ratios”, Nucl. Phys. A 256, 243 – 252, 1976.
[53]. T. D. Thiep, T. T. An, P. V. Cuong, N. T. Vinh, G. V. Mishinski, V. I. Zhemenik, (2016) “On the role of energy separated in fission process, excitation energy and reaction channels effects in the isomeric ratios of fission product 135Xe in photo-fission of actinide elements”, Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett. 13(4): 471 – 479, 2016.
[54]. S. Sudar, M. Qaim, “Isomeric cross-section ratio for the formation of 58m,gCo inneutron, proton, deuteron, and alpha-particle induced reactions in the energy region up to 25 MeV”, Phys. Rev. C 53 (6), 2885-2892, 1996.
[55]. F. M. D. Attar, S. D. Dhole, S. Kailas, V. N. Bhoraskar VN (2009) “Cross-sections for the formation of isomeric pair 75m,gGe through (n, 2n), (n, p) and (n, α) reactions measured over 13.73 MeV to 14.77 MeV and calculated from near threshold to 20 MeV neutron energies”, Nucl Phys A 828, 253 – 266, 2009.
[56]. H. Naik, G. N. Kim, K. Kim, M. Zaman, M. Sahid, S. C. Yang, M. W. Lee, Y. R. Kang, S. G. Shin, M. H. Cho, A. Goswami, and T. Y. Song, (2014) Isomeric yield ratios of 87m,gY from different nuclear reactions. Eur. Phys. J. A 50, 117 - 123, 2014.
[57]. T. D. Thiep, T. T. An, P. V. Cuong, N. T. Vinh, B. M. Hue, A. G. Belov, O. D. Maslov “Channel effect in isomeric ratio of 137m,gCe produced in different nuclear reactions”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 314:1777–1784, 2017.